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The Socialist Party (in Spanish: ''Partido Socialista'', PS) was a Panamanian left-wing political party created in 1933 by intellectuals and labor unionists who split off from the Liberal Party and rejected the Communist Party. 〔Political parties of the Americas: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies. V. 1. Edited by Robert J. Alexander. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982. Pp. 566.〕 The PS was led by Demetrio Augusto Porras, whose father, former President of the Republic Belisario Porras Barahona, had created Panama's first broad-based political movement in the early part of the century, by organizing blacks and urban workers. 〔John Dinges, Our Man in Panama, The Shrewd Rise and Brutal Fall of Manuel Noriega, Times Books, New York, 1991. Pp. 32.〕〔Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America. By Victor Alba. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968. Pp. 109.〕 The PS initially went under the name Partido Socialista Marxista. However, it eventually dropped the "Marxista" label which often provoked its conservative opposition.〔Political parties of the Americas: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies. V. 1. Edited by Robert J. Alexander. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982. Pp. 566.〕 In 1935 the party was joined by a small group of Trotskyites headed by Diógenes de la Rosa. 〔Latin American Political Parties. By Robert J. Alexander. (New York: Praeger Publishers,. 1973. Pp. 164.〕 In the 1930s, Porras had widespread support among the workers of Panama City and the party seemed to have potential for becoming one of the republic's major political forces. 〔Political parties of the Americas: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies. V. 1. Edited by Robert J. Alexander. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982. Pp. 566.〕 The Socialist Party challenged the Communist domination of the labor movement. Although the contest often involved demonstrations and violence, the socialists failed to gain much influence over the trade unions. 〔Special warfare area handbook for Panama. Corporate Author : American Univ. Washington D.C. Report Date: 1962. Pp. 444.〕 For a number of years the Socialists and Communists fought for control of organized labor. In 1940 groups under both Socialist and Communist influence established the “Organización Sindical”, which 5 years later, on 14 August 1945, sponsored a congress that established the country's first central labor group, the Trade Union Federation of Workers of Panama (Federación Sindical de Trabajadores de Panamá, FSTP). It remained united until 1948, when the rival General Union of Workers (Unión General de Trabajadores) was created under Socialist leadership, after losing control of the FSTP to the Communists. 〔Latin American Political Parties. By Robert J. Alexander. (New York: Praeger Publishers,. 1973. Pp. 164.〕 Panamanian socialists played a decisive role in the organization of the unions and in the formation of peasants' associations. 〔Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America. By Victor Alba. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968. Pp. 109.〕 In 1936 PS allied with the Popular Front (FP) and its candidate Domingo Díaz Arosemena. In 1940 the Socialists supported Ricardo Joaquín Alfaro Jované as presidential for the Popular Front. 〔Elections in the Americas : a data handbook / ed. by Dieter Nohlen, Vol. 1. () (): Oxford Univ. Press, 2005. Pp. 531.〕 In 1940, soon after the election of Arnulfo Arias Madrid to the presidency for the first time, the Socialist leaders participated in a conspiracy to oust him. When this failed, Demetrio Porras and José Brouwer, two of the party's principal leaders, went into exile in Chile. 〔Latin American Political Parties. By Robert J. Alexander. (New York: Praeger Publishers,. 1973. Pp. 164.〕 With the overthrow of Arias in 1941, the party was given a seat in the cabinet of President Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango. 〔Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America. By Victor Alba. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968. Pp. 109.〕 Porras was sent as Panamanian ambassador to London, where he remained until shortly before the election campaign of 1948. Despite his absence the PS elected two members of the National Assembly in the election of 1945: José Brouwer 〔Latin American Political Parties. By Robert J. Alexander. (New York: Praeger Publishers,. 1973. Pp. 164.〕 and Diógenes de la Rosa, an outspoken critic of imperialism, who had led the rent protests. 〔Political parties of the Americas: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies. V. 1. Edited by Robert J. Alexander. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982. Pp. 566.〕 The two defended the right to organize union activities, a right the projected Constitution had barely touched upon. And when the Assembly assumed legislative power, de la Rosa and Brewer were instrumental in obtaining passage of a Labor Code and of laws regarding education and university autonomy. 〔Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America. By Victor Alba. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968. Pp. 109.〕 In 1948 Demetrio Porras unsuccessfully ran in the presidential elections, obtaining only 3,075 votes (01.55%) and losing their 2 seats in the National Assembly. 〔Elections in the Americas : a data handbook / ed. by Dieter Nohlen, Vol. 1. () (): Oxford Univ. Press, 2005. Pp. 531.〕 As a consequence the Socialists lost their official standing as a legal political party. 〔Gaceta Oficial (Panama). №10.690, 03.09.1948. Pp. 1.〕 The PS did not regain its legal status during the 1950s, but was “''the nurturing ground for idealistic youth rebelling against the Spanish-blood oligarchy, known derisively as the “rabiblancos”, or "white tails," who controlled most of Panama's economic and political power. The Party's anti-communism and European-style social democratic platform did not make it immune to red-baiting, and the party was banned from electoral lists in 1953. US military intelligence reports later referred to the Socialists as "Marxist oriented"''”. 〔John Dinges, Our Man in Panama, The Shrewd Rise and Brutal Fall of Manuel Noriega, Times Books, New York, 1991. Pp. 32.〕 Manuel Noriega became politically active at this time, and joined the Socialist party's youth wing. He did not stand out as a leader in the movement, preferring instead to stick to his books. But he wrote and published nationalist poems and articles attacking the US presence in Panama as an affront to attacking to Panamanian sovereignty. 〔John Dinges, Our Man in Panama, The Shrewd Rise and Brutal Fall of Manuel Noriega, Times Books, New York, 1991. Pp. 32.〕 The PS re-registered in 1961. 〔Ropp, Steve C. Panamanian politics: from guarded nation to national guard. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. 1982. Pp. 85.〕 However, by that time it had lost most of the importance it had had two decades earlier ,〔Latin-American Politics and Government. By ROBERT J. ALEXANDER. New York: Harper and Row, 1965. Pp. 58.〕 it had lost its influence in organized labor. 〔Political parties of the Americas: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies. V. 1. Edited by Robert J. Alexander. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982. Pp. 566.〕 Demetrio Porras retired from the leadership when, with he accepted membership on the nation's Supreme Court in 1961. 〔Latin American Political Parties. By Robert J. Alexander. (New York: Praeger Publishers,. 1973. Pp. 164.〕 Carlos Iván Zúñiga, the leader of the radical wing, became the new party leader. 〔Danger over Panama. New York : Dobbs Merrill company Inc., 1964. Pp. 312.〕 In 1964 the PS suffered still another split. Although in the election of that year it ran its own candidate, the peasant leader Florencio Harris, a group of members headed by the party president, Ismael Sánchez, broke away to support the candidacy of the National Opposition Union's Marco Aurelio Robles, who won. 〔Latin American Political Parties. By Robert J. Alexander. (New York: Praeger Publishers,. 1973. Pp. 164.〕 Florencio Harris unsuccessfully ran in the presidential elections, obtaining only 3,708 votes (01.14%), but PS was able to elect one member to the National Assembly. 〔Elections in the Americas : a data handbook / ed. by Dieter Nohlen, Vol. 1. () (): Oxford Univ. Press, 2005. Pp. 531.〕 During the 1970s, the Socialists were highly critical of government policies and particularly of the supporting role of the Communists. 〔Ropp, Steve C. Panamanian politics: from guarded nation to national guard. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. 1982. Pp. 85.〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Socialist Party (Panama)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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